这里有一个关于 $GPGSV 的语句：
$GPGSV,3,1,10,24,82,023,40,05,62,285,32,01,62,123,00,17,59,229,28*70
每条语句包含四部分内容，例如：第一部分是“24,82,023,40”，第二部分是“05,62,285,32”等等。每部分的第一个词为PRC，第二个词为卫星高程，跟着为方位角和信号强度。如果这个卫星信息用图来显示，那么就如图 1-1。
（图 1-1：$GPGSV语句的图形表示，中心点为当前位置，周边的圆标示水平面。）
这个语句里最重要的指标应该算是“信号躁声比（signal-to-noise ratio）”（以下简称为SNR）。这个数值标示卫星信号的接收率。我们知道，卫星是以相同的强度发射信号，但是传播过程中难免会遇到诸如树和墙之类的 障碍物，这样就影响了信号的识别。典型的SNR值在0到50之间，其中50表示非常好的信号。（SNR可以达到99，但是我还从来没有见过50以上的数据 哦。）。在图 1-1里，绿色卫星表示强信号，然而黄色卫星则为中等（在第二部分，我将提供一个方法来实现信号强度的分类）。卫星#1的信号完全被阻挡了。清单 1-7 说明了扩展读取卫星信息后的描述器。
清单 1-7：描述器添加了描述GPS卫星当前位置的功能。
'** Listing 1-7. Extracting satellite information
'*******************************************************
Public Class NmeaInterpreter
' Raised when the current location has changed
Public Event PositionReceived(ByVal latitude As String, _
ByVal longitude As String)
Public Event DateTimeChanged(ByVal dateTime As DateTime)
Public Event BearingReceived(ByVal bearing As Double)
Public Event SpeedReceived(ByVal speed As Double)
Public Event SpeedLimitReached()
Public Event FixObtained()
Public Event FixLost()
Public Event SatelliteReceived(ByVal pseudoRandomCode As Integer, _
ByVal azimuth As Integer, _
ByVal elevation As Integer, _
ByVal signalToNoiseRatio As Integer)
' Processes information from the GPS receiver
Public Function Parse(ByVal sentence As String) As Boolean
' Discard the sentence if its checksum does not match our calculated
' checksum
If Not IsValid(sentence) Then Return False
' Look at the first word to decide where to go next
Select Case GetWords(sentence)(0)
Case "$GPRMC" ' A "Recommended Minimum" sentence was found!
Return ParseGPRMC(sentence)
Case "$GPGSV" ' A "Satellites in View" message was found
Return ParseGPGSV(sentence)
Case Else
' Indicate that the sentence was not recognized
Return False
End Select
End Function
' Divides a sentence into individual words
Public Function GetWords(ByVal sentence As String) As String()
Return sentence.Split(","c)
End Function
' Interprets a $GPRMC message
Public Function ParseGPRMC(ByVal sentence As String) As Boolean
' Divide the sentence into words
Dim Words() As String = GetWords(sentence)
' Do we have enough values to describe our location?
If Words(3) <> "" And Words(4) <> "" And Words(5) <> "" And _
Words(6) <> "" Then
' Yes. Extract latitude and longitude
Dim Latitude As String = Words(3).Substring(0, 2) & "°" ' Append hours
Latitude = Latitude & Words(3).Substring(2) & """" ' Append minutes
Latitude = Latitude & Words(4) ' Append the hemisphere
Dim Longitude As String = Words(5).Substring(0, 3) & "°" ' Append hours
Longitude = Longitude & Words(5).Substring(3) & """" ' Append minutes
Longitude = Longitude & Words(6) ' Append the hemisphere
' Notify the calling application of the change
RaiseEvent PositionReceived(Latitude, Longitude)
End If
' Do we have enough values to parse satellite-derived time?
If Words(1) <> "" Then
' Yes. Extract hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds
Dim UtcHours As Integer = CType(Words(1).Substring(0, 2), Integer)
Dim UtcMinutes As Integer = CType(Words(1).Substring(2, 2), Integer)
Dim UtcSeconds As Integer = CType(Words(1).Substring(4, 2), Integer)
Dim UtcMilliseconds As Integer
' Extract milliseconds if it is available
If Words(1).Length > 7 Then UtcMilliseconds = _
CType(Words(1).Substring(7), Integer)
' Now build a DateTime object with all values
Dim Today As DateTime = System.DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime
Dim SatelliteTime As New System.DateTime(Today.Year, Today.Month, _
Today.Day, UtcHours, UtcMinutes, UtcSeconds, UtcMilliseconds)
' Notify of the new time, adjusted to the local time zone
RaiseEvent DateTimeChanged(SatelliteTime.ToLocalTime)
End If
' Do we have enough information to extract the current speed?
If Words(7) <> "" Then
' Yes. Convert it into MPH
Dim Speed As Double = CType(Words(7), Double) * 1.150779
' If we're over 55MPH then trigger a speed alarm!
If Speed > 55 Then RaiseEvent SpeedLimitReached()
' Notify of the new speed
RaiseEvent SpeedReceived(Speed)
End If
' Do we have enough information to extract bearing?
If Words(8) <> "" Then
' Indicate that the sentence was recognized
Dim Bearing As Double = CType(Words(8), Double)
RaiseEvent BearingReceived(Bearing)
End If
' Does the device currently have a satellite fix?
If Words(2) <> "" Then
Select Case Words(2)
Case "A"
RaiseEvent FixObtained()
Case "V"
RaiseEvent FixLost()
End Select
End If
' Indicate that the sentence was recognized
Return True
End Function
' Interprets a "Satellites in View" NMEA sentence
Public Function ParseGPGSV(ByVal sentence As String) As Boolean
Dim PseudoRandomCode As Integer
Dim Azimuth As Integer
Dim Elevation As Integer
Dim SignalToNoiseRatio As Integer
' Divide the sentence into words
Dim Words() As String = GetWords(sentence)
' Each sentence contains four blocks of satellite information.
' Read each block and report each satellite's information
Dim Count As Integer
For Count = 1 To 4
' Does the sentence have enough words to analyze?
If (Words.Length - 1) >= (Count * 4 + 3) Then
' Yes. Proceed with analyzing the block. Does it contain any
' information?
If Words(Count * 4) <> "" And Words(Count * 4 + 1) <> "" _
And Words(Count * 4 + 2) <> "" And Words(Count * 4 + 3) <> "" Then
' Yes. Extract satellite information and report it
PseudoRandomCode = CType(Words(Count * 4), Integer)
Elevation = CType(Words(Count * 4 + 1), Integer)
Azimuth = CType(Words(Count * 4 + 2), Integer)
SignalToNoiseRatio = CType(Words(Count * 4 + 2), Integer)
' Notify of this satellite's information
RaiseEvent SatelliteReceived(PseudoRandomCode, Azimuth, Elevation, _
SignalToNoiseRatio)
End If
End If
Next
' Indicate that the sentence was recognized
Return True
End Function
' Returns True if a sentence's checksum matches the calculated checksum
Public Function IsValid(ByVal sentence As String) As Boolean
' Compare the characters after the asterisk to the calculation
Return sentence.Substring(sentence.IndexOf("*") + 1) = GetChecksum(sentence)
End Function
' Calculates the checksum for a sentence
Public Function GetChecksum(ByVal sentence As String) As String
' Loop through all chars to get a checksum
Dim Character As Char
Dim Checksum As Integer
For Each Character In sentence
Select Case Character
Case "$"c
' Ignore the dollar sign
Case "*"c
' Stop processing before the asterisk
Exit For
Case Else
' Is this the first value for the checksum?
If Checksum = 0 Then
' Yes. Set the checksum to the value
Checksum = Convert.ToByte(Character)
Else
' No. XOR the checksum with this character's value
Checksum = Checksum Xor Convert.ToByte(Character)
End If
End Select
Next
' Return the checksum formatted as a two-character hexadecimal
Return Checksum.ToString("X2")
End Function
End Class
国外的读者也许已经想到了一个敏感的问题，就是关于美国用了那种数据格式的问题，这些我们在清单里处理！有些国家（比如：比利时和瑞典）使用不同的数据格 式，为了让应用程序工作那就不得不修改这个描述器了。还好，.NET框架里面提供了不同文化差异下数值转换的方法，因此我们直接修改描述器就可以了。在这 个描述器里，只有速度是小数值，所以只要改一下它就行了。NmeaCultrueInfo变量表示NMEA语句中有关不同文化的数值。 Double.Parse方法可以用来将速度变量转换为机器当前文化对应的数值。清单 1-8 给出了描述器完整的清单，现在就可以把它用在其它地方了。
清单 1-8：完整描述器，适合世界各种文化的国家
'** Listing 1-8. Adding support for international cultures
'*************************************************************
Imports System.Globalization
Public Class NmeaInterpreter
' Represents the EN-US culture, used for numers in NMEA sentences
Private NmeaCultureInfo As New CultureInfo("en-US")
' Used to convert knots into miles per hour
Private MPHPerKnot As Double = Double.Parse("1.150779", NmeaCultureInfo)
' Raised when the current location has changed
Public Event PositionReceived(ByVal latitude As String,_
ByVal longitude As String)
Public Event DateTimeChanged(ByVal dateTime As DateTime)
Public Event BearingReceived(ByVal bearing As Double)
Public Event SpeedReceived(ByVal speed As Double)
Public Event SpeedLimitReached()
Public Event FixObtained()
Public Event FixLost()
Public Event SatelliteReceived(ByVal pseudoRandomCode As Integer, _
ByVal azimuth As Integer, _
ByVal elevation As Integer, _
ByVal signalToNoiseRatio As Integer)
' Processes information from the GPS receiver
Public Function Parse(ByVal sentence As String) As Boolean
' Discard the sentence if its checksum does not match our calculated
' checksum
If Not IsValid(sentence) Then Return False
' Look at the first word to decide where to go next
Select Case GetWords(sentence)(0)
Case "$GPRMC" ' A "Recommended Minimum" sentence was found!
Return ParseGPRMC(sentence)
Case "$GPGSV"
Return ParseGPGSV(sentence)
Case Else
' Indicate that the sentence was not recognized
Return False
End Select
End Function
' Divides a sentence into individual words
Public Function GetWords(ByVal sentence As String) As String()
Return sentence.Split(","c)
End Function
' Interprets a $GPRMC message
Public Function ParseGPRMC(ByVal sentence As String) As Boolean
' Divide the sentence into words
Dim Words() As String = GetWords(sentence)
' Do we have enough values to describe our location?
If Words(3) <> "" And Words(4) <> "" _
And Words(5) <> "" And Words(6) <> "" Then
' Yes. Extract latitude and longitude
Dim Latitude As String = Words(3).Substring(0, 2) & "°" ' Append hours
Latitude = Latitude & Words(3).Substring(2) & """" ' Append minutes
Latitude = Latitude & Words(4) ' Append the hemisphere
Dim Longitude As String = Words(5).Substring(0, 3) & "°" ' Append hours
Longitude = Longitude & Words(5).Substring(3) & """" ' Append minutes
Longitude = Longitude & Words(6) ' Append the hemisphere
' Notify the calling application of the change
RaiseEvent PositionReceived(Latitude, Longitude)
End If
' Do we have enough values to parse satellite-derived time?
If Words(1) <> "" Then
' Yes. Extract hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds
Dim UtcHours As Integer = CType(Words(1).Substring(0, 2), Integer)
Dim UtcMinutes As Integer = CType(Words(1).Substring(2, 2), Integer)
Dim UtcSeconds As Integer = CType(Words(1).Substring(4, 2), Integer)
Dim UtcMilliseconds As Integer
' Extract milliseconds if it is available
If Words(1).Length > 7 Then
UtcMilliseconds = CType(Words(1).Substring(7), Integer)
End If
' Now build a DateTime object with all values
Dim Today As DateTime = System.DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime
Dim SatelliteTime As New System.DateTime(Today.Year, Today.Month, _
Today.Day, UtcHours, UtcMinutes, UtcSeconds, UtcMilliseconds)
' Notify of the new time, adjusted to the local time zone
RaiseEvent DateTimeChanged(SatelliteTime.ToLocalTime)
End If
' Do we have enough information to extract the current speed?
If Words(7) <> "" Then
' Yes. Parse the speed and convert it to MPH
Dim Speed As Double = Double.Parse(Words(7), NmeaCultureInfo) _
* MPHPerKnot
' Notify of the new speed
RaiseEvent SpeedReceived(Speed)
' Are we over the highway speed limit?
If Speed > 55 Then RaiseEvent SpeedLimitReached()
End If
' Do we have enough information to extract bearing?
If Words(8) <> "" Then
' Indicate that the sentence was recognized
Dim Bearing As Double = CType(Words(8), Double)
RaiseEvent BearingReceived(Bearing)
End If
' Does the device currently have a satellite fix?
If Words(2) <> "" Then
Select Case Words(2)
Case "A"
RaiseEvent FixObtained()
Case "V"
RaiseEvent FixLost()
End Select
End If
' Indicate that the sentence was recognized
Return True
End Function
' Interprets a "Satellites in View" NMEA sentence
Public Function ParseGPGSV(ByVal sentence As String) As Boolean
Dim PseudoRandomCode As Integer
Dim Azimuth As Integer
Dim Elevation As Integer
Dim SignalToNoiseRatio As Integer
' Divide the sentence into words
Dim Words() As String = GetWords(sentence)
' Each sentence contains four blocks of satellite information.
' Read each block
' and report each satellite's information
Dim Count As Integer
For Count = 1 To 4
' Does the sentence have enough words to analyze?
If (Words.Length - 1) >= (Count * 4 + 3) Then
' Yes. Proceed with analyzing the block. Does it contain any information?
If Words(Count * 4) <> "" And Words(Count * 4 + 1) <> "" _
And Words(Count * 4 + 2) <> "" And Words(Count * 4 + 3) <> "" Then
' Yes. Extract satellite information and report it
PseudoRandomCode = CType(Words(Count * 4), Integer)
Elevation = CType(Words(Count * 4 + 1), Integer)
Azimuth = CType(Words(Count * 4 + 2), Integer)
SignalToNoiseRatio = CType(Words(Count * 4 + 2), Integer)
' Notify of this satellite's information
RaiseEvent SatelliteReceived(PseudoRandomCode, Azimuth, Elevation, _
SignalToNoiseRatio)
End If
End If
Next
' Indicate that the sentence was recognized
Return True
End Function
' Returns True if a sentence's checksum matches the calculated checksum
Public Function IsValid(ByVal sentence As String) As Boolean
' Compare the characters after the asterisk to the calculation
Return sentence.Substring(sentence.IndexOf("*") + 1) = GetChecksum(sentence)
End Function
' Calculates the checksum for a sentence
Public Function GetChecksum(ByVal sentence As String) As String
' Loop through all chars to get a checksum
Dim Character As Char
Dim Checksum As Integer
For Each Character In sentence
Select Case Character
Case "$"c
' Ignore the dollar sign
Case "*"c
' Stop processing before the asterisk
Exit For
Case Else
' Is this the first value for the checksum?
If Checksum = 0 Then
' Yes. Set the checksum to the value
Checksum = Convert.ToByte(Character)
Else
' No. XOR the checksum with this character's value
Checksum = Checksum Xor Convert.ToByte(Character)
End If
End Select
Next
' Return the checksum formatted as a two-character hexadecimal
Return Checksum.ToString("X2")
End Function
End Class
总结
你现在应该已经很好的理解这个NMEA描述器是如何从语句里提取单词的了。你现在可以通过卫星来定位、同步你的电脑钟、找到你的方向、探测你的速度，并且 阴天也一样可以知道卫星在天上的位置。这个描述器无须任何改动就可以工作在.NET简装框架上。如果语句被存储在一个文件里，那么这个描述器可以用来回放 你的旅行过程。所有这些让人激动的特点，仅仅用了这么一个小小的类就完成，但是这个描述器能导航你的汽车或者帮你打高尔夫吗？肯定不行。这里保留了一个重 要的主题，关于如何是GPS应用程序很好的工作于现实世界：精确度的问题。GPS设备报告它们获取的一切信息，然而信息是不精确的。事实上，当前位置信息 可以有半个足球场那么大的误差，甚至设备采用了时下流行的DGPS和WAAS修正技术！不幸的是，不少开发人员并没有意识到这个问题。这里许多第三方的组 件，当然这些组件不适合用于商业应用程序，因为它们要加强精确度最小程度。还是建议你把这篇文章放在手边，下一篇文章还用得上。我会在那篇文章里详细介绍 加强精度，并让这个描述器可以更适用于专家级高精度应用！
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