==================================== Programming the SoundBlaster 16 DSP Written by Ethan Brodsky (ericbrodsky@psl.wisc.edu) Version 3.1 2/10/95 ====================================|Disclaimer |==============This information is distributed AS IS. The author specifically disclaimsresponsibility for any loss of profit or any consequential, incidental,or other damages resulting from the use or misuse of this information.This information may be freely distributed in any form as long as thisdisclaimer remains intact.|Introduction |=================The Sound Blaster 16 is capable of both FM and digitized sounds. Digitizedsound capibilities range from 8-bit mono 5000 HZ sound all the way up to16-bit stereo sound at 44khz. This FAQ documents programming the SB16 DSPCT1341 chip for recording and playback of digitized audio. Prior knowledgeon programming earlier Sound Blaster sound cards is necessary.|-----------------------------------||The Sound Blaster 16 DSP I/O Ports ||-----------------------------------|The SB16's DSP chip is programming using several I/O ports at a base I/Oaddress determined by jumper settings. On the SB16, there are 16 I/O portswhich are used for FM synthesized music, mixer settings, DSP programming andCD-ROM access. Five of these ports are used in programming the DSP. Theyare listed below. 2x6h - DSP Reset 2xAh - DSP Read 2xCh - DSP Write (Command/Data), DSP write-buffer status (Bit 7) 2xEh - DSP Read-buffer status (Bit 7), DSP interrupt acknowledge 2xFh - DSP 16-bit interrupt acknowledge|------------------||Resetting the DSP ||------------------|You have to reset the DSP before you can program it. The DSP can be resetusing the following procedure: 1) Write a 1 to the reset port (2x6) 2) Wait for 3 microseconds 3) Write a 0 to the reset port (2x6) 4) Poll the read-buffer status port (2xE) until bit 7 is set 5) Poll the read data port (2xA) until you receive an AAThe DSP usually takes about 100 microseconds to initialized itself. Afterthis period of time, if the return value is not AA or there is no data atall, then the SB card may not be installed or an incorrect I/O address isbeing used.|-------------------||Writing to the DSP ||-------------------|To write a byte to the SB16, the following procedure should be used: 1) Read the write-buffer status port (2xC) until bit 7 is cleared 2) Write the value to the write port (2xC)|----------------||Reading the DSP ||----------------|To read a byte from the SB16, the following procedure should be used: 1) Read the read-buffer status port (2xE) until bit 7 is set 2) Read the value from the read port (2xA)|-------------------------------||Programming the DMA Controller ||-------------------------------|The DMA (Direct Memory Access) controller controls data transfers betweenI/O devices and memory without using the CPU. An Intel 8237 DMAC integratedcircut is used to control this. An IBM compatible computer has two DMAcontrollers, one for 8-bit transfers and one for 16-bit transfers. The DMAcontroller, coupled with an external page register, is capable of transferingblocks of up 64k to the SB16. Here is information on I/O ports and registersettings necessary for sound card I/O: I/O port addresses for the DMA Address and Count Registers |===========================================| |Controller |I/O address | Function | |===========================================| | DMA 1 | 00 |Channel 0 address | | 8-bit | 01 |Channel 0 count | | Slave | 02 |Channel 1 address | | | 03 |Channel 1 count | | | 04 |Channel 2 address | | | 05 |Channel 2 count | | | 06 |Channel 3 address | | | 07 |Channel 3 count | |===========================================| | DMA 2 | C0 |Channel 4 address | | 16-bit | C2 |Channel 4 count | | Master | C4 |Channel 5 address | | | C6 |Channel 5 count | | | C8 |Channel 6 address | | | CA |Channel 6 count | | | CC |Channel 7 address | | | CE |Channel 7 count | |===========================================| I/O port addresses for the control registers |=====================================================| | Address |Operation | Function | |DMAC1 DMAC2 | | | |=====================================================| | 0A D4 | Write |Write single mask register | | 0B D6 | Write |Write mode register | | 0C D8 | Write |Clear byte pointer flip-flop | |=====================================================| I/O port addresses for lower page registers |====================================| |Address | Function | |====================================| | 81 | 8-bit DMA channel 2 page | | 82 | 8-bit DMA channel 3 page | | 83 | 8-bit DMA channel 1 page | | 87 | 8-bit DMA channel 0 page | | 89 | 16-bit DMA channel 6 page | | 8A | 16-bit DMA channel 7 page | | 8B | 16-bit DMA channel 5 page | |====================================| Mode register bit assignments |===========================================| |Bit/Value |Function | |===========================================| |Bits 7:6 |Mode selection bits | | 00 | Demand mode selected | | 01 | Single mode selected | | 10 | Block mode selected | | 11 | Cascade mode selected | |===========================================| | Bit 5 |Address increment/decrement bit | | 1 | Address decrement selected | | 0 | Address increment selected | |===========================================| | Bit 4 |Auto-initialization enable bit | | 1 | Auto-initialized DMA selected | | 0 | Single-cycle DMA selected | |===========================================| |Bits 3:2 |Transfer bits | | 00 | Verify transfer | | 01 | Write transfer (To memory) | | 10 | Read transfer (From memory) | | 11 | Illegal | | ** | Ignored if bits 7:6 = 11 | |===========================================| |Bits 1:0 |Channel selection bits | | 00 | Select channel 0 (4) | | 01 | Select channel 1 (5) | | 10 | Select channel 2 (6) | | 11 | Select channel 3 (7) | |===========================================| Write single mask bit assignments |============================================| |Bit/Value |Function | |============================================| |Bits 7:3 |Unused (Set to 0) | |============================================| | Bit 2 |Set/clear mask bit | | 1 | Set mask bit (Disable channel) | | 0 | Clear mask bit (Enable channel) | |============================================| |Bits 1:0 |Channel selection bits | | 00 | Select channel 0 (4) | | 01 | Select channel 1 (5) | | 10 | Select channel 2 (6) | | 11 | Select channel 3 (7) | |============================================|DMAC2 is used for 16-bit I/O and DMAC1 is used for 8-bit I/O. The procedurefor starting a transfer is complicated, so I'll list the steps for startingthe type of DMA transfers used for sound I/O: 1) Calculate the absolute linear address of your buffer LinearAddr := Seg(Ptr^)*16 + Ofs(Ptr^)); 2) Disable the sound card DMA channel by setting the appropriate mask bit Port[MaskPort] := 1 + (Channel mod 4); 3) Clear the byte pointer flip-flop Port[ClrBytePtr] := AnyValue; 4) Write the DMA mode for the transfer The mode selection bits should be set to 00 for demand mode. The address inc/dec bit should be set to 0 for address increment. The auto-initialization bit should be set appropriately. I will discuss auto-initialized DMA later. The transfer bits should be set to 10 for playback and 01 for recording. The channel select should be set to the sound card DMA channel. Be aware that "read" means a read from memory (Write to sound card) and that "write" means a write to system memory (Read from sound card) Port[ModePort] := Mode + (Channel mod 4); Some often used modes are: 48h+Channel - Single-cycle playback 58h+Channel - Auto-initialized playback 44h+Channel - Single-cycle recording 54h+Channel - Auto-initialized recording 5) Write the offset of the buffer, low byte followed by high byte. For sixteen bit data, the offset should be in words from the start of a 128kbyte page. The easiest method for computing 16-bit parameters is to divide the linear address by two before calculating offset. if SixteenBit then begin BufOffset := (LinearAddr div 2) mod 65536; Port[BaseAddrPort] := Lo(BufOffset); Port[BaseAddrPort] := Hi(BufOffset); end else begin BufOffset := LinearAddr mod 65536; Port[BaseAddrPort] := Lo(BufOffset); Port[BaseAddrPort] := Hi(BufOffset); end; 6) Write the transfer length, low byte followed by high byte. For an 8-bit transfer, write the number of bytes-1. For a 16-bit transfer, write the number of words-1. Port[CountPort] := Lo(TransferLength-1); Port[CountPort] := Hi(TransferLength-1); 7) Write the buffer page to the DMA page register. Port[PagePort] := LinearAddr div 65536; 8) Enable the sound card DMA channel by clearing the appropriate mask bit Port[MaskPort] := DMAChannel mod 4;|--------------------------||Setting the sampling rate ||--------------------------|Unlike earlier Sound Blasters, the SB16 is programmed with actual samplingrates instead of time constants. On the SB16, the sampling rate is setusing DSP commands 41h and 42h. Command 41h is used for output and 42h isused for input. I have heard that on the SB16, both these command currentlydo the same thing, but I would recommend using the individual commands toguarantee compatibility with future sound cards. The procedure for settingthe sampling rate is: 1) Write the command (41h for output rate, 42h for input rate) 2) Write the high byte of the sampling rate (56h for 22050 hz) 3) Write the low byte of the sampling rate (22h for 22050 hz)|--------------------||Digitized sound I/O ||--------------------|To record or play back sound, you should use the following sequence: 1) Allocate a buffer that does not cross a 64k physical page boundary 2) Install an interrupt service routine 3) Program the DMA controller for background transfer 4) Set the sampling rate 5) Write the I/O command to the DSP 6) Write the I/O transfer mode to the DSP 7) Write the block size to the DSP (Low byte/High byte)Upon interrupt when using single-cycle DMA: 1) Program DMA controller for next block 2) Program DSP for next block 3) Copy next block if double-buffering 4) Acknowledge the interrupt with the SB by reading from port 2xE for 8-bit sound or port 2xF for 16-bit sound. 5) Acknowledge the end of interrupt with the PIC by writing 20h to port 20h. If the sound card is on IRQ8-15, you must also write 20h to A0h.|-------------||DSP commands ||-------------| D0 - Pause 8-bit DMA mode digitized sound I/O initiated by command Cxh. Applicable to both single-cycle and auto-initialized DMA I/O. D4 - Continue 8-bit DMA mode digitized sound I/O paused using command D0. Applicable to both single-cycle and auto-initialzied DMA I/O. D5 - Pause 16-bit DMA mode digitized sound I/O initiated by command Bxh. Applicable to both single-cycle and auto-initialized DMA I/O. D6 - Continue 16-bit DMA mode digitized sound I/O paused using command D5 Applicable to both single-cycle and auto-initialized DMA I/O. D9 - Exit 16-bit auto-initialized DMA mode digitized sound I/O after the end of the current block. DA - Exit 8-bit auto-initialized DMA mode digitized sound I/O after the end of the current block. E1 - Get DSP version number. After sending this command, read back two bytes form the DSP. The first byte is the major version number and the second byte is the minor version number. A SB16 should have a DSP version of 4.00 or greater. Check this before using an SB16 specific commands. Bx - Program 16-bit DMA mode digitized sound I/O Command sequence: Command, Mode, Lo(Length-1), Hi(Length-1) Command: |=======================================| |D7 |D6 |D5 |D4 | D3 | D2 | D1 |D0 | |=======================================| | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | A/D | A/I |FIFO | 0 | |=======================================| |0=D/A |0=SC |0=off | |1=A/D |1=AI |1=on | |===================| Common commands: B8 - 16-bit single-cycle input B0 - 16-bit single-cycle output BE - 16-bit auto-initialized input B6 - 16-bit auto-initialized output Mode: |=============================================| |D7 |D6 | D5 | D4 |D3 |D2 |D1 |D0 | |=============================================| | 0 | 0 | Stereo | Signed | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |=============================================| |0=Mono |0=unsigned | |1=Stereo |1=signed | |=====================| Cx - Program 8-bit DMA mode digitized sound I/O Same procedure as 16-bit sound I/O using command Bx Common commands: C8 - 8-bit single-cycle input C0 - 8-bit single-cycle output CE - 8-bit auto-initialized input C6 - 8-bit auto-initialized outputThe FIFO is used to eliminate inconsistencies in the sample periodwhen the sound card is not able to get DMA when it needs it. WithFIFO disabled, the card attempts DMA at precisely the instant thatit needs a sample. If another device with a higher priority isaccessing DMA, the sound card waits for the sample and the samplingrate may be decreased. The FIFO allows the DMA sample period to bemore erratic without affecting the audio quality. The FIFO is clearedwhenever a command is sent to the DSP. In Single-cycle mode, the DSPis constantly being reprogrammed. The FIFO may still contain data whichhas not been output when it cleared. To avoid this problem, the FIFOshould be turned off for single-cycle mode. When in auto-initializedmode, the DSP is never reprogrammed. The FIFO can be left on and soundquality will be improved.|---------------------||Auto-initialized DMA ||---------------------|When single-cycle DMA is used, sound output stops at the end of each block.The interrupt handler can start another transfer, but there will be a breakin output. This causes a click between each block, reducing sound quality.When auto-initialized DMA is used, sound output loops around at the end ofthe buffer. The DMA controller keeps transfering the same block of memorythat the DMA transfer was initiated with. When the end of the buffer isreached, it will start sending the buffer again by auto-initializing thecurrent offset and count registers with the values stored in the base offsetand count registers. The usual method for achieving click-less output is toallocate a buffer and divide it into two blocks. Program the DMA controllerwith the length of the whole buffer, but program the SB16 with the length ofa block. (Half of the buffer) An interrupt occurs for each sound card block,so two interrupts will occur each time the buffer is played, once at themidpoint (Start of the second block) and once at the end (In effect, thestart of the first block) The interrupt handler should copy data into theblock that was just finished so that the data is ready when it is needed foroutput. The programming procedure for an auto-initialized DMA transfer isidentical to the procedure for a single-cycle DMA transfer, except that bit4 of the DMA mode register and bit 3 of the DSP command are set.Upon interrupt when using auto-initialized DMA: 1) Copy next chunk into output buffer block that just finished 2) Acknowledge the interrupt with the SB by reading from port 2xE for 8-bit sound or port 2xF for 16-bit sound. 3) Acknowledge the end of interrupt with the PIC by writing 20h to port 20h. If the sound card is on IRQ8-15, you must also write 20h to A0h.To stop sound immediately: 8-bit - Write DSP command D0h (Pause 8-bit DMA mode digitized sound I/O) 16-bit - Write DSP command D5h (Pause 16-bit DMA mode digitized sound I/O) (Stops sound immediately, without an interrupt)To stop the sound at the end of the currently block: 8-bit - Write DSP command DAh (Stop 8-bit auto-init DMA sound I/O) 16-bit - Write DSP command D9h (Stop 16-bit auto-init DMA sound I/O) (These two commands will stop the sound at the end of the current block. If your program is not prepared for an interrupt after output is finished, it may cause problems)You can also end auto-initialized mode by reprogramming the DSP forsingle-cycle mode. The card then switches from A/I mode to S/C mode afterthe next interrupt. It will then contiue to play or record for the lengthspecified, generate an interrupt and stop. This will allow you to stopoutput exactly at the end of the data, without requiring the remainder ofthe DMA buffer to be filled with silence. This technique may or may notbe useful to you. I would recommend using the pause commands documentedin in the immediate stop section unless another method is more suited toyour purpose.- References -============== Title: Developer Kit for the Sound Blaster Series, Second Edition. Publishers: Creative Technology Ltd. Title: Intel 486 Microcomputer Model 401 Board Technical Ref. Manual Publisher: Intel Corporation Order-number: 504366-002 Title: 8237A High Performance Programmable DMA Controller specs Publisher: Intel Corporation Order-number: 231466-005 Title: 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller specs Publisher: Intel Corporation Order-number: 231468-003 Title: SMIX Sound System Author: Ethan Brodsky Location: x2ftp.oulu.fi /pub/msdos/programming/mxlibs/smix*.zip (May be moved to another directory)Thanks to Douglas Kaden at Creative Labs for information on 16-bit DMA, FIFO mode, and numerous other topics.

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