计算机程序设计语言的发展，经历了从机器语言、汇编语言到高级语言的历程。
1. 机器语言
电子计算机所使用的是由“0”和“1”组成的二进制数，二进制是计算机的语言的基础。计算机发明之初，人们只能降贵纡尊，用计算机的语言去命令计算机干这干那，一句话，就是写出一串串由“0”和“1”组成的指令序列交由计算机执行，这种语言，就是机器语言。使用机器语言是十分痛苦的，特别是在程序有错需要修改时，更是如此。而且，由于每台计算机的指令系统往往各不相同，所以，在一台计算机上执行的程序，要想在另一台计算机上执行，必须另编程序，造成了重复工作。但由于使用的是针对特定型号计算机的语言，故而运算效率是所有语言中最高的。机器语言，是第一代计算机语言。
2. 汇编语言
为了减轻使用机器语言编程的痛苦，人们进行了一种有益的改进：用一些简洁的英文字母、符号串来替代一个特定的指令的二进制串，比如，用“A D D”代表加法，“M O V”代表数据传递等等，这样一来，人们很容易读懂并理解程序在干什么，纠错及维护都变得方便了，这种程序设计语言就称为汇编语言，即第二代计算机语言。然而计算机是不认识这些符号的，这就需要一个专门的程序，专门负责将这些符号翻译成二进制数的机器语言，这种翻译程序被称为汇编程序。
3. 高级语言
从最初与计算机交流的痛苦经历中，人们意识到，应该设计一种这样的语言，这种语言接近于数学语言或人的自然语言，同时又不依赖于计算机硬件，编出的程序能在所有机器上通用。经过努力，1 9 5 4年，第一个完全脱离机器硬件的高级语言—F O RT R A N问世了，4 0多年来，共有几百种高级语言出现，有重要意义的有几十种。
6 0年代中后期，软件越来越多，规模越来越大，而软件的生产基本上是人自为战，缺乏科学规范的系统规划与测试、评估标准，其恶果是大批耗费巨资建立起来的软件系统，由于含有错误而无法使用，甚至带来巨大损失，软件给人的感觉是越来越不可靠，以致几乎没有不出错的软件。这一切，极大地震动了计算机界，史称“软件危机”。人们认识到：大型程序的编制不同于写小程序，它应该是一项新的技术，应该像处理工程一样处理软件研制的全过程。程序的设计应易于保证正确性，也便于验证正确性。1 9 6 9年，提出了结构化程序设计方法，1 9 7 0年，第一个结构化程序设计语言—P a s c a l语言出现，标志着结构化程序设计时期的开始。
8 0年代初开始，在软件设计思想上，又产生了一次革命，其成果就是面向对象的程序设计。
高级语言的下一个发展目标是面向应用，也就是说：只需要告诉程序你要干什么，程序就能自动生成算法，自动进行处理，这就是非过程化的程序语言。

编程语言和软件历史年表大全英文版

Year - Languages, Operating Systems, Major Programs, Etc.
1945 EDVAC utilizes stored program concept

1945 Plankalkul (Konrad Zuse)
1949 Short Code (for BINAC) (John Mauchly)

1950 Intermediate Programming Language (Arthur W. Burks)
1951 Klamemerausdrucke (algebraic language and compilers)
1951 Formules (complete compiler) (Heinz Rutishauser)
1951 Find (for the Whirlwind) (Jack Gilmore)
1952 Autocode compiler (Alick E. Glennie)

1952 Short Code (for UNIVAC 1) (W.F. Schmidt, A.B. Tonik, J.R. Logan)
1952 Sort-Merge Generator (for UNIVAC 1) (Betty Holberton)
1952c COMPOOL (for SAGE) (MIT)

1952 Punchy (for TX-O) (Jack Gilmore)
1953 A-2 Compiler (for UNIVAC) (Grace Hopper)
1953 Algebraic interpreter (for Whirlwind, MIT) (J.H. Laning, N. Zierler)
1953 Speedcoding (for IBM 701) (John Backus)
1954 Operating System (for IBM 701, General Motors Research Laboratory)
1954 Autocode (for Manchester Mark 1) (R.A. Booker)

1954 PiPi-2 Prgrmg Program (compiler, USSR) (E.Z. Liumbimskii, S.S. Kamynin)
1954c Autocoder assembly language (for IBM 705)
1955 PiPi Programming Program (for BESM) (USSR)
1955 BACAIC (for IBM 701) (Mandalay Grems, R.E. Porter, Boeing Airplane Co.)
1955 MATH-MATIC mathematical programming language (for UNIVAC) (C. Katz)
1955 Kompiler 2 (for IBM 701) (A. Kenton Elsworth, Livermore Laboratory)
1956 Operating Sys. (for IBM 704) (General Motors; North American Aviation)

1956 ADES (U.S. Naval Observatory) (E.K.Blum)
1956 APT machine tool control (MIT) (Douglas Ross)
1956 Logic Theorist AI program (A. Newell & H. Simon, Carnegie Institute)
1956 IT (Internal Translator) (for IBM 650) (A. Perlis & J.W. Smith)

1956 Mark I report generator (for IBM 702) (General Electric-Hanford)
1956 FORTRAN (Formula Translation) (John Backus, IBM)
1957 Mark II Report generator (for IBM 702) (General Electric-Hanford)
1957 IPL-V (Information Processing Language V)
1957 Fortransit programming language
1957 COMIT string processing language (Victor Yngve, MIT)
1957 Scope Writer (for TX-2) (Jack Gilmore)
1957 Lincoln Writer (for TX-2) (Jack Gilmore)
1958 APT (Automatically Programmed Tool)
1958 FLOW-MATIC (for UNIVAC, Remington-Rand) (Grace Hopper)

1958c SOAP assembler (for IBM 650)
1958 IR (Information Retrieval) database management system (for IBM 704)
1958 LISP (List Processing language) (John McCarthy, MIT)
1958 AIMACO data processing language
1958 IPL V list processing language
1959 DYNAMO III
1959 TUFF/TUG (for IBM 704)
1959 9PAC file handling (for IBM 709)
1959 FACT business data processing language
1959 SURGE (for IBM 704) (Fletcher Jones)
1959 SAGE operating system (for IBM AN/FSQ7) (System Development Corp.)
1959c SAP assembler (for IBM 704)
1959c ASCI-Matic (Jack Minker)

1959 COBOL (December release)
1960 Atlas operating system for Atlas Computer)
(Manchester Univ. & Ferranti)
1960 ALGOL 60 (Algorithmic Language)
1960 COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
1960 JOVIAL (Jules Own Version of Int. Algebraic Language) (Jules Schwartz)
1960 MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder)

1960 NELIAC (Navy Electronics Laboratory International Algol Compiler)
1960 TRAC string processing language
1960 SCEPTRE
1960 IOCS operating system (for IBM 709/7090)
1960 FMS operating system (for IBM 709) (North American Aviation)
1961 COBOL revised and reissued
1961 SOS operating system (for IBM 709) (SHARE and IBM)
1961 GPSS (General Purpose Systems Simulator)
1961 SAC/Aids Formatted File System (for SAC 438L system) (SAC)
1961 BASE-BALL natural language system (B.V. Green)
1961 QUERY database (T. E. Cheatham, S. Warshall)
1961 RPG (Report Program Generator) (for IBM 1401)

1961 MADCAP scientific programming language
1961 ALGY formula manipulation language
1961 GECOM business data processing language
1961 QUICKTRAN on-line programming language
1961 Expensive Typewriter (IBM 360) (Stephen Piner)
1961 COBOL 61 Extended
1962 CTSS operating system (for IBM 7090 & IBM 7094) (Dr.F. Corbato, MIT)
1962 Gen. Info. & Retrieval System (GIRLS) for IBM 7090 (J.A. Postley, AIS)
1962 EXEC 1 operating system (for Univac 1107) (Computer Sciences Corp.)
1962 APL (A Programming Language) (Kenneth Iverson)
1962 IBSYS operating system (IBM 7090)
1962 Advanced Data Management System (ADAM) (for IBM 7030) (MITRE)

1962 COLINGO database (for IBM 1401)
1962 FORMAC formula manipulation
1962 SNOBOL (String Oriented Symbolic Language)
1963 Master Control Program operating system (for Burroughs B5000)
1963 COGO (Coordinate Geometry)
1963 Information Processing System (IPS) (for CDC 1604) (NAVCOSSACT)
1963 JOSS (Johnniac Open Shop System) (J.Cliff Shaw, Rand Corporation)
1963 CORC scientific programming language
1963 OMNIT AB scientific programming language
1963 Ambit
1964 Integrated Data Store (I-D-S) (Charles Bachman, General Electric)
1964 OS/360 operating system (for IBM 360)
1964 BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

(John Kemeny, Thomas Kurtz, Dartmouth College)

1964 FORMAC (Formula Manipulation Compiler) for non-numeric mathematics
(Jean Sammet)
1964 PAT on-line programming language
1964 PL/1 (developed by IBM and SHARE)
1964 Altran
1965 Generalized Update Access Method (GUAM) (IBM 7010)
(developed by North American Space Division)
1965 Remote Access Terminal System (for IBM 7010)
(developed by IBM, and Rockwell International)
1965 Generalized Information System (GIS) (for IBM System/360)
1965 DENDRAL (Edward Fiegenbaum, Joshua Lederberg (Stanford University)
1965 C-10 database management system (IBM 1410) (developed by MITRE)

1965 COGENT report generator (for IBM 709)
1965 CPS on-line programming language
1965 RUSH on-line programming language
1965 Amtran on-line programming language
1965 FLAP formula manipulation programming language
1965 CLP list processing language
1965c MULTICS interactive operating system (for GE/Honeywell 645)
(developed by GE, Bell Labs & MIT)

1965 TRAC
1965 SNOBOL 3
1966 SIMULA I (Kristen Nygaard, Ole-Lohan Dahl) (First Object Oriented Language)
1966 TOSS operating system (for IBM System/360) (developed by RCA)
1966 Dialog on-line programming language
1966 MAP on-line programming language
1966 NAPSS scientific programming language
1966 Euler scientific programming language
1966 Coursewriter II
1966 OMNITAB II
1966 ECAP II (Electronic Circuit Analysis Program II)
1966 MPSX (Mathematical Programming System Extended)
1967 RAMIS non-procedural programming language (Mathematical)

1967 MANAGE database management system (for XDS 940 computer)
(developed by Scientific Data Systems)
1967 AS-IST database management system (for IBM System/360)
(developed by Applications Software)
1967 LUCID database management system (for AN/FSQ32)
(developed by System Development)
1967 ICES (Integrated Civil Engineering System)
1967 CSSL (Continuous Systems Simulation Language)
1967 Simula 67 (Simulation Language 1967)
1967 CPUL programming language
1967 POSE scientific programming language
1967 MAC-30 programming language
1967 DIAGMAG scientific programming language

1967 REDUCE formula manipulation language
1967 SPRINT list processing language
1967 LOLITA list processing language
1967 EOL-3 string processing language
1967 LEAP multipurpose programming language
1967 SNOBOL 4
1968 ALGOL 68 (Algorithmic Language)
1968 ATLAS (Abbreviated Test Language for "All" Systems)
1968 CSMP (Continuous System Modeling Program)
1968 Speakeasy
1968 OS/MFT operating system (for IBM 360 computers)
1968 TSS operating system (for IBM 360/370)
1968 MCP operating system (for Burroughs for B2500 and B3500)
1968 PAL programming language

1968 Proteus programming language
1968 GPL general purpose programming language
1968 TPS
1968 Salem
1968 Ariel
1968 Bruin
1968 TLC
1968 Termac
1968 Active Language 1
1968 Symbal
1968 Champ
1969 MUMPS (Massachusetts General Hospital General Utility
Multi-Programming System)
1969 PILOT
1969 CP-67/CMS operating system (for IBM 360 computer)
1969 OS/MVT operating system (for IBM 360 computer)

1969 Data Manager-1 (developed by Auerbach)
1969 UNIX multi-user, multitasking operating system development begun at Bell Labs
1969 Cobol Data Management System (CDMS) (for IBM 360)
(developed by Defense Intelligence Agency)
1969 Information Management System (IMS) hierarchical database management
system (developed by IBM)

1969 TSOS operating system (for Spectra 70/46) (developed by RCA)
1969 Time Shared Data Management System (TSDMS) (for IBM 360)
1969 Remote File Management System (for CDC 6000)
(developed at University of Texas)
1969 McG360 programming language
1969 DML programming language
1969 REL programming language
1969 PLANNER programming language
1969 REF-ARF programming language
1969 IITRAN multipurpose programming language
1969 APAREL multipurpose programming language
1969 NUCLEOL string processing language
1969 LEAF list processing language
1969 IAM formula manipulation language

1969 PPL on-line programming language
1969 OSCAR on-line programming language
1969 TRANQUIL scientific programming language
1969 SPEAKEASY scientific programming language
1969 STIL scientific programming language
1969 Music V (Max Mathews)
1969 Scratchpad
1970 BLISS (Basic Language for Implementation of System Software)
1970 SC-1 database management system (for IBM 360)
(developed by Western Electric)
1970 DMS data management system (for Sigma 5,7,9 computers)
(developed by Xerox Data Systems)
1970 S2000 data management system (for CDC 6000)(developed by SRI Systems)
1970 AIDS scientific programming language

1970 IIMP scientific programming language
1970 POEL scientific programming language
1970 LPL list processing language
1970 BALM list processing language
1970 Gedanken programming language
1970c Macsyma programming language (Joel Moses, MIT)
1970 Vulcan
1970 PDEL
1970 Pascal (Niklaus Wirth)
1971 VMOS operating system (for Spectra computers) (developed by RCA)
1971 ETC programming language
1971 TUTOR
1971 ISPL (Instruction Set Processor Language)
1971 FORMAC formula manipulation language
1971 HAL/S A programming language used aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia

1972 SMALLTALK object-oriented language (Alan Kay; Xerox)

1972 PL/M high-level language for microprocessor
1972 VS/9 operating system (for UNIVAC Series 90)
1972 Development of C language (Dennis Ritchie)
1973 BS2000 operating system (for Siemens 7500)
1973 VM 1370 operating system (for IBM 370 series)
1973 OS/VS operating system (for IBM 370 series)

1973 Pholas data management system (for Philips P1000)
1973 PDS/MaGEN (Problem Descriptor System)
1974 PL/M
1975 SPSS (Statistical Programs for the Social Sciences)
1975 OS/MVS operating system (for IBM 370 series)
1975 UNIX licensed by Western Electric for academic and commercial sectors

1975 ADA programming language developed for U.S. Dept. of Defense
1975 MDQS (Management Data Query System) developed by Honeywell
1976 Modula multiprocessing language (Niklaus Wirth)
1976 SMALLTALK 76 (Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg, Daniel H. H. Ingalis; Xerox PARC)
1977 CP/M (Control Program for Microprocessors) (Gary Kildall)

1979 VisiCalc electronic spreadsheet software for microcomputers
1979 X-CON (aka RI) expert system (Carnegie-Mellon University)
(used at Digital Equipment Corporation)
1980 INTELLECT natural language query system
(Artificial Intelligence Corporation)

1980 CPF operating system (for IBM System/38 minicomputer)
1980 C++ (Bjarne Stroustrup, Bell Labs)
1981 MS/DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)

developed by Microsoft Corporation) (IBM version called PC/DOS)
1983 KEE (expert systems development tool) IntelliCorp.
198? Objective C (Brad Cox; Stepstone Corporation)
1988 Windows 386 version 2.0 Released by Microsoft Corporation
1990 (April) Windows 3.0 released by Microsoft Corporation
1991 Windows NT Server version 3.1 released by Microsoft Corporation

1994 Windows NT Server version 3.5 released by Microsoft Corporation
1995 Windows 95 (microcomputer operating system and interface, Microsoft Corporation)
1995 JAVA (James Gosling, Sun Microsystems)
1996 Windows NT Server version 4.0 released by Microsoft Corporation
1996 "Inferno" under development by Dennis Ritchie and others

1996 (March) Microsoft’s Active X is released
1996 (October) Sun Microsystems SunSoft division releases JavaBeans
1996 Symantec’s Visual Cafe 1.0 tool (supports JavaBeans model)
1996 Delphi announces JBuilder (formerly code-named Latte)
1996 IBM’s Visual Age (supports JavaBean)
1996 Powersoft announces Jato (originally code-named Starbuck) (supports JavaBeans)
1996 Oracle Corporation announces Sedona, a development tools technology
1997 Microsoft Windows NT 5.0

评论